To What Extent Should We Trust Our Senses to Give Us the Truth Free Essays

Whatever degree would it be a good idea for us to confide in our faculties to give us reality? The vast majority of the things we know depend on a long lasting arrangement of perceptions and examinations through our own faculties. Without our faculties, social associations and basic reasoning would be incomprehensible, leaving us just with mystifying feelings, a nearby state to nothingness. Regardless of its noteworthiness, in any case, our faculties have confinements ranges from our reliance to language to our own organic constraints. We will compose a custom paper test on Whatever Extent Should We Trust Our Senses to Give Us the Truth or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now People are naturally given these inescapable constraints. We in this way, also instructed people, must not totally trust our faculties as it can without much of a stretch be bamboozled. Our reliance on language contorts what our faculties are genuinely getting. In a straightforward setting of dissecting a workmanship piece, for example during the time spent breaking down the subtlety of the work, our understandings of what we see will in general be limited with the language that we know. Without the utilization of language, in this specific circumstance, the craftsmanship piece will stay theoretical in our psyche. The feelings that we get from review the workmanship piece, for instance, can be depicted with descriptive words. From a more extensive perspective, language impacts the manner in which we think. I have experienced an encounter where my short vision (I need glasses to see â€Å"normally†) gave a deceptive record to an occasion. I was in a craftsmanship assembly hall with my companion; the spot was secured with a practically organized phony plastic trees. It was a piece of the works of art being shown. Toward the finish of the expo I said to my companion, â€Å"Nice right! Such incredible bits of craftsmanship appeared there! Particularly the trees, how on earth would they be able to develop it to shape such structure†. My companion, whose vision is â€Å"normal†, revealed to me that it the trees were falsifications. I wasn’t utilizing my glasses right now, If I was then I would’ve responded in an unexpected way. Natural abilities limit what we can detect and see. There are as yet numerous elements, for example, spacial nature, past experience; our inclination to see or hear what we expect as opposed to what truly occur; optical fantasies or social and social molding that aren’t being talked about, yet in addition an impediment of our faculties. In spite of the fact that with the possibility of getting bogus information, what significant is that we create basic speculation aptitudes to recognize great and terrible thinking. Inspecting our own points of view, utilizing our own faculties maybe, and contrasting them with those of others and to perceive what we gain from it is the thing that significant as opposed to keeping away from the quest for information because of the confinements of our faculties. The most effective method to refer To What Extent Should We Trust Our Senses to Give Us the Truth, Papers

Tips for Multi-Resolution Delphi Applications

Tips for Multi-Resolution Delphi Applications When structuring structures in Delphi, its regularly valuable to compose the code with the goal that your application (structures and all items) looks basically the equivalent paying little mind to what the screen goals is. The principal thing you need to recollect from the get-go in the structure configuration stage is whetherâ youre going to permit the structure to be scaled or not. The upside of not scaling is that nothing changes at runtime. The burden of not scaling is that nothing changes at runtime (your structure might be awfully little or too enormous to even think about reading on certain frameworks on the off chance that it isn't scaled). On the off chance that youre not going to scale the structure, set Scaled to False. Something else, set the property to True. Likewise, set AutoScroll to False: the inverse would mean not changing the structures outline size at runtime, which doesnt look great when the structures substance do change size. Significant Considerations Set the structures textual style to an adaptable TrueType text style, as Arial. Just Arial will give you a text style inside a pixel of the ideal height.​ If the textual style utilized in an application isn't introduced on the objective PC, at that point Windows will choose an elective textual style inside a similar text style family to use. Set the structures Position property to some different option from poDesigned, which leaves the structure where you left it at configuration time. This generally winds up way off to one side on a 1280x1024 screen-and totally off the 640x480 screen. Dont swarm controls on the structure leave in any event 4 pixels between controlsâ so that a one-pixel change in outskirt areas (because of scaling) wont appear as covering controls. For single line names that are alLeft or alRight adjusted, set AutoSize to True. Something else, set AutoSize to False. Ensure there is sufficient clear space in a name segment to take into account textual style width changes - a clear space that is 25% of the length of the present string show length is excessively much however protected. Youll need at any rate 30% development space for string names on the off chance that you intend to make an interpretation of your application into different dialects. On the off chance that AutoSize is False, ensure you really set the name width properly. On the off chance that AutoSize is True, ensure there is sufficient space for the mark to develop all alone. In multi-line, word-wrapped names, leave in any event one line of clear space at the base. Youll need this to get the flood when the content wraps contrastingly when the text style width changes with scaling. Dont accept that on the grounds that youre utilizing huge textual styles, you dont need to take into account content flood someone elses enormous textual styles might be bigger than yours! Be cautious about opening a task in the IDE at various goals. The structures PixelsPerInch property will be adjusted when the structure is opened, and will be spared to the DFM in the event that you spare the task. Its best to test the application by running it independent and alter the structure at just a single goals. Altering at different goals and text dimensions welcome part float and measuring issues. Ensure that you set your PixelsPerInch for every one of your structures to 120. It defaults to 96, which messes scaling up at a lower goals. Talking about segment float, dont rescale a structure on various occasions, at configuration time or runtime. Each rescaling presents adjust mistakes which aggregate rapidly since organizes are carefully essential. As partial sums are shortened off the controls beginnings and sizes with each progressive rescaling, the controls will seem to crawl northwest and get littler. On the off chance that you need to permit your clients to rescale the structure any number of times, start with a newly stacked/made structure before each scaling so scaling mistakes don't aggregate. When all is said in done, it isn't important to configuration structures at a specific goals, yet it is significant that you survey their appearance at 640x480 with huge and little textual styles, and at a high-goals with little and huge text styles, before discharging your application. This ought to be a piece of your normal framework similarity testing agenda. Give close consideration to any parts that are basically single-line TMemos-things like TDBLookupCombo. The Windows multi-line alter control consistently shows just entire lines of content if the control is unreasonably short for its textual style, a TMemo will show nothing by any stretch of the imagination (a TEdit will show cut content). For such segments, its better to make them a couple of pixels excessively huge than to be one pixel excessively little and not show any content whatsoever. Remember that all scaling is corresponding to the distinction in the textual style stature among runtime and configuration time, notâ the pixel goals or screen size. Recall likewise that the starting points of your controls will be changed when the structure is scaled-you cannot make parts greater without additionally moving them over a piece. Grapples, Alignment, and Constraints: Third gathering VCL When you know whatâ issuesâ to remember when scaling Delphi shapes on various screen goals, you are prepared for some coding. When working with Delphi rendition 4 or higher,â several properties are intended to assist us with keeping up the look and design of controls on a structure. Use Align to adjust a control to the top, base left, or right of a structure or board and have it stay there regardless of whether the size of the structure, board, or segment that contains the control, changes. At the point when the parent is resized, an adjusted control likewise resizes so it keeps on crossing the top, base, left, or right edge of the parent. Use Constraints to determine the base and most extreme width and stature of the control. At the point when Constraints contains greatest or least qualities, the control can’t be resized to disregard those imperatives. Use Anchors to guarantee that a control keeps up its present position comparative with an edge of its parent, regardless of whether the parent is resized. At the point when its parent is resized, the control holds its position comparative with the edges to which it is secured. On the off chance that a control is moored to inverse edges of its parent, the control extends when its parent is resized. strategy ScaleForm (F: TForm; ScreenWidth, ScreenHeight: LongInt) ;start F.Scaled : True; F.AutoScroll : False; F.Position : poScreenCenter; F.Font.Name : Arial; on the off chance that (Screen.Width ScreenWidth) at that point start F.Height : LongInt(F.Height) * LongInt(Screen.Height) div ScreenHeight; F.Width : LongInt(F.Width) * LongInt(Screen.Width) div ScreenWidth; F.ScaleBy(Screen.Width,ScreenWidth) ; end;end;

back 2 school

back 2 school mit is sunny and then rainy and then sunny again two weeks ago i was leaving seattle, thinking about summertime and trying not to be anxious about returning to school for my last semester. there was a big window in our house and i sat on the couch in front of it and watched the colors in the sky changing. soon after that i was in an airport and i was in the second-to-last row window seat on a redeye flight, drifting in and out of sleep and then i was back and i met a lot of new people, including our amazing new bloggers, and i carried all the boxes id packed into storage up five flights of stairs, and soon my room was home again. and its quiet, classes starting up and catching up with old friends and easing back into the rhythms of mit. i dragged two friends to a book talk at the harvard coop, where we learned that the largest community-operated cell phone network in the world is in oaxaca, mexico. i scheduled meetings. i registered for classes and started going to classes. my a cappella group recruited three new members. i learned the difference between big-o and big-omega and big-theta in 6.006 (intro to algorithms) recitation. i thought about sociology and games and culture in my games and culture class, taught by one of the first sociologists to study online gaming communities. i had a dream about a white cat. i read an adrienne kennedy play. i scheduled dinners with people i havent seen in a while. i listened to music like this  and like this  and like this  and like this. Post Tagged #6.006 #photography

Oakland University Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA

Oakland University is a public research university with an acceptance rate of 84%. One of  Michigans 15 public universities, OU occupies a 1,441-acre campus in Rochester, Michigan. Students can choose from 130 baccalaureate degree programs. Preprofessional programs in business, nursing, engineering, and communications are popular among undergraduates. Student life is active, and the university boasts of 300 student organizations including 17 with Greek affiliations. In athletics, the Oakland Golden Grizzlies compete in the NCAA Division I  Horizon League. Considering applying to Oakland University? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including average SAT/ACT scores and GPAs of admitted students. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, Oakland University had an acceptance rate of 84%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 84 students were admitted, making Oaklands admissions process somewhat competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 12,309 Percent Admitted 84% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 26% SAT Scores and Requirements Oakland University requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 90% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 510 620 Math 500 620 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that most of Oaklands admitted students fall within the top 35% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to Oakland University scored between 510 and 620, while 25% scored below 510 and 25% scored above 620. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 500 and 620, while 25% scored below 500 and 25% scored above 620. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1240 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at Oakland University. Requirements OU does not require the optional SAT essay section. Note that Oakland does not superscore SAT results; your highest composite SAT score from a single test date will be considered. ACT Scores and Requirements Oakland University requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 30% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 21 29 Math 19 27 Composite 21 28 This admissions data tells us that most of Oaklands admitted students fall within the top 42% nationally on the ACT. The middle 50% of Oakland Universitys admitted students received a composite ACT score between 21 and 28, while 25% scored above 28 and 25% scored below 21. Requirements Note that Oakland University does not superscore ACT results; your highest composite ACT score will be considered. Oakland does not require the optional ACT writing section. GPA In 2018, the average high school GPA for Oakland Universitys incoming freshmen class was 3.47, and over 50% of incoming students had average GPAs of 3.5 and above. These results suggest that most successful applicants to Oakland University have primarily high B grades. Admissions Chances Oakland University, which accepts over three-quarters of applicants, has a somewhat selective admissions process. If your SAT/ACT scores and GPA fall within the schools average range, you have a strong chance of being accepted. Applicants with a minimum high school GPA of 3.2, an ACT of 18 or above, or a combined SAT of 960 or higher are likely to be admitted to Oakland University. OU is looking for students who have completed a rigorous course schedule including college preparatory classes and have an upward trend in grades. Note that an application essay is optional for admission to Oakland University, but will be considered if submitted. Oakland does not require letters of recommendation as part of the admission process. Note that some majors have additional requirements. Applicants to Oakland Universitys School of Music, Theater, and Dance are required to participate in an audition. The Business Honors Direct Admit program requires a supplemental application after students are admitted to the university. To be eligible for merit-based scholarships, freshmen should apply and submit all required materials by March 1 if applying for fall admission. Applicants with a GPA below 3.2 but above 2.5 are considered based on the quality of their academic preparation. Students with particularly compelling stories or achievements can still receive serious consideration even if their grades and test scores are outside Oakland Universitys average range. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in  with a free Cappex account. If You Like Oakland University, You May Also Like These Schools: University of MichiganWayne State UniversityFerris State UniversityCentral Michigan UniversityBowling Green State UniversityUniversity of ToledoEastern Michigan UniversityGrand Valley State University All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and Oakland University Undergraduate Admissions Office.

Gender Inequality Within The Workplace - 1469 Words

Gender inequality in the workplace has always existed, but I don t know that you could say it s getting worse, you could say that it is spreading to new fields as they are coming into existence. The STEM fields we have today such as, Cyber Security, Cyber Gaming, and Nanotechnology are still very young fields but gender inequality has still managed to take a foothold in these new fields. This is probably the best place to start the movement toward equality because many of these fields simply rely on your ability to work a computer and no one has to know who you are so it would be a much simpler place to start. The solutions are fairly straightforward, but nonetheless need to be discussed. The problem begins at a very young age, as young as middle school in fact where young girls are led to believe that they can not perform as well as boys in certain subjects. â€Å"Starting from a young age girls are made to believe that their abilities are not sufficient enough to satisfy the requ irements in such â€Å"complicated† fields and that boys are just more suitable for such jobs. Many are taught that and even if they were to take an interest in such subjects, it would be unnecessary since the fields are male dominated and they would never be able to excel in them. Overall societal pressures and expectations force women to conform to gender norms that hinder their participation and development in STEM fields. Gender inequality in STEM fields reflect a hierarchal system that furtherShow MoreRelatedGender Inequality Within The Workplace1379 Words   |  6 Pages  Gender inequality refers to unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based on their gender. It arises from differences in socially constructed gender roles as well as biologically through chromosomes, brain structure, and hormonal differences. There is a natural difference also in the relative physical strengths of the sexes. In the workplace Income disparities linked to job stratification Wage discrimination exists when workers are equally qualified and perform the same work butRead MoreGender Inequality Within The Workplace Essay1502 Words   |  7 Pagesmovement of promoting gender equality is exponentially growing every year; however, gender inequality is still a persistent problem in today’s workforce. Each year, gender inequality, especially employment equity, the distinct barrier between genders in the workforce, has become a topic of contention as its affecting working individuals worldwide, especially women. Before examining this problem, we must further understand what gender inequality is in the workplace. Gender inequality is an ascriptive factorRead MoreGender Inequality Within The Workplace1323 Words   |  6 Pagesalways been praised for freedom and equality. However, there is a notable area of inequality in the workforce: the gender pay gap. In the Unites States, a woman makes, on average, a mere 78 cents to the dollar earned by a man. This statistic has remained steady and has only seen a small 18 cent increase in the past few decades. A majority of the wage gap is due to unsound social biases. Because gender inequality in the workforce is fueled by complex factors such as biases, it requires a complexRead MoreGender Inequality Within A Workplace2144 Words   |  9 PagesAlthough over time it is clear to see that gender inequality is becoming a smaller problem in today’s society, it must also be noted that it does still exist, even in the most developed parts of the world. The UNDP, 1997 in its Human Development report, stated that ‘no society treats its women as well as its men’ and to some extent this is true. However, in this essay I will be discussing different opinions and related studies in order to come to a conclusion regarding the truth behind this commentRead MoreGender Inequality Within The Workplace Essay1209 Words   |  5 PagesGender Inequality in the Workplace The generation now has made it easier to equalize men and women but there is still a substantial amount of places where gender inequality is still happening in the workplace and where females still face discrimination. Women are often discriminated in the workplace and are usually not promoted as quickly as men are and they also receive less pay. History shows that women have not always been defined as property and thought of as second class citizens. But inRead MoreGender Inequality Within The Workplace1724 Words   |  7 Pagesthe same duties. Gender inequalities are a huge factor in the workplace. There is a lot of tension when it comes to women being over worked. The amount of responsibilities that women have, from work to home and everything in between, is ridiculous and it is all based on the gender roles that society has developed. Lastly, what really triggers feminism is the world expecting all women to portray themselves as sex objects and then to getting criticized for it . Understanding sex, gender, how they linkRead MoreAchieving Gender Inequality Within The American Workplace Essay1462 Words   |  6 Pagespercentages of women in leadership roles will help secure gender inequality within the American workplace which is currently not present. In the workplace it can be especially difficult for women to reach positions of great power because they’re often targets of discrimination and disrespect. In the essay Lean In: What Would You Do If You Weren’t Afraid? Sheryl Sandberg gave us her experience of her feeling this gender discrimination at her workplace. Sandberg that she was listening to a guest of honorRead MoreGender Inequality Within A Competitive Athletic Workplace870 Words   |  4 Pages101 December 9, 2015 Gender Inequality What are the types of gender inequality in this world? Inequality is when there are two things that are not the same. For example, antonyms, they are when two objects don t have similar qualities. This means there are differences between the two. It can be beneficial or very discriminating. The definition for gender inequality is the unequal treatment, or perceptions of individuals based on their gender. Gender inequality is between the male andRead MoreGender Discrimination And The Workplace1356 Words   |  6 Pages2.1 Introduction For many decades now it has been said that there has been inequality in the workplace, it has been a major issue in the workplace in terms of women not being allowed to have certain jobs as well as in terms of women not being promoted within the workplace which all contributes to women being paid less than men. According to Ryan and Branscombe (2013), gender discrimination has been defined as the differential treatment members of one group receive compared to another by many socialRead MoreGender Inequality In Australia Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pagesdominant partner, who belongs primarily to the public sphere. These historic gender norms have been deeply imbedded within Australia’s social foundation, and although society has gradually shifted away from these roles, evidence suggests that this gender inequality still riddles the modern day workplace. Liberal feminist groups have embraced this issue, and have classified it as being a true barrier to achieving the ultimate gend er equality goal. Consequently, these liberal feminists along with general

A Taste Of Death †Original Writing Free Essays

This story is about a young boy who lived with his divorced mother in an old house. He used to lead a ordinary life until one day; the young boy heard a creaking sound. What he did not know was that that sound would change his life it was around 12:15 am when he heard that creaking sound, a dawdling poignant profound tread. We will write a custom essay sample on A Taste Of Death – Original Writing or any similar topic only for you Order Now His body was quivering as he ran with fright to shut his window. The wind blaring against his body, as if attempting to push his back, blew up his sleeve making the hair on his hand elevate as if they had seen a ghost and gravity was no longer effective on his. Unnerved, he jumped back into his bed, snuggling up as hard as possible persistently looking around trying to see if he could conceive anything, or anyone. He began falling into a daze, feeling sleepier by the second. As the complete silence conquered the whole house, the only sound he could hear was the loud tick-tock of his clock echoing around his room. As time went forth the sound grew stronger, until he heard a footstep, which automatically pulled his back into reality from the hypnotising sound of his clock. The sound was a footstep. His heartbeat intensified as he began to panic ascetically, imagining his fate with this thing and what it had in intrigue for his. He came to yell, yet before he yelled, he realised that that wasn’t the malicious tread that he had been keeping an eye out for but another kind of footstep, a lighter, more familiar stride. It was his mothers. Instantaneously, he leapt out of his bed like a lion hiding beneath straw and hay adapting to his camouflage about to attack his prey. Yet when he got to the corridor all he saw was a small shadow going into the bathroom and as he went one-step closer, the bathroom door slammed shut. Eager to know who it was that had entered his bathroom; he managed to gather enough courage to step up to the door and knock. What was behind this door was either his mother or his regrettable doom. Awaiting a reply he knocked again. Suddenly, the door handle began to shake. Some one was going to come out of that bathroom. Petrified, yet too shook up from the intensity, he was motionless. As he felt his heart fall into the pocket of his nightgown, the door suddenly opened. Yet a monster wasn’t this to fulfil his evil scheme, but an innocent mother’s shimmering, bright, angelic face saying: â€Å"Are you alright honey?† In her peaceful, comforting, calm rhythm. â€Å"Yes I’m fine mum† The boy replied with a sigh as his mother strode away out the bathroom and back to his room. Before he got into his room he said, â€Å"You’d better get some sleep, you do have school tomorrow you know!† The boy replied with a yawn and decided that he had had enough a thrill for one day. As he gazed at his clock, he saw that he had been up for two hours and that he really did need some sleep for tomorrow. So, he bravely put his fears under his pillow for that night for the nightingale had begun its merry chirping. â€Å"Honey, I’m going now. Don’t be late to school† were the words that would have normally woken the boy up, but not today and not ever again. For today he lay by his mother’s corpse as the tears trickled down his heart-breaking, shining, diamond-like eyes. His eyes began leaking and before he knew it, his iris was afloat a lost boat chasing reality, twirling from side to side with his confusion. Whilst the tears rolled down his cheeks, he replayed the depressing moment when, his mother was killed. He remembered it clearly and what hurt his most was that he could have done nothing against this vile, sickening monstrosity. He remembered how his mother was screaming for him to run away and save him self. How he didn’t listen to his mother. How he declined his mother’s final demand. How the voice of the monster brought terror to his heart, when it said, â€Å"I cannot be killed†. How he repeatedly stabbed the monster with the kitchen knife with no effect. How the monster crushed his mother in front of his very eyes. How the monster came to kill and torment his. How, instead of killing his he threw the knife right above his head as he stood there with his eyes closed. How he could almost taste death: a bitter, resentful flavour stirring in his mouth. He remembered it all perfectly. Suddenly a flashback of all the good memories he had with his mother when he was a young boy; how every time he was sad his mother made his smile. How every time he was scared his mother comforted his. How every time he had a problem he could talk to his mother about it and his mother would always find a solution to that problem. How on the first day of school he held his mothers hand tightly because he was scared he wouldn’t fit in. But what hurt his most was that he remembered his father who he had also lost; he remembered in particular when he used to call his mother a Glamazon and he would ask his father over and over again what a Glamazon meant. Yet he would never tell his. But now he knew. It meant ‘strong lady’. Yet he found that his father wasn’t lying. His mother really was strong. But now, now he has lost both his father and mother. And all that night he drowned in his sorrow, wishing there was something that he could have done to save his mother. Unable to believe the events that happened he felt he could not live without the mother he was overly attached to. He couldn’t accept that she had gone. All that day, he cried on his mother’s chest calling her name until his voice disappeared. He still silently called for his mother and forever will. Later that night he made a decision. He was going to reunite with his beloved mother. As he took the same kitchen knife he incessantly stabbed his mother’s assassin with he cried: â€Å"Oh dagger! Show me no mercy! Rip through my heart and liberate my soul to reunite with my mother†¦Ã¢â‚¬  And so, he lay motionless on his mother’s yieldingly curvaceous body; blood staining his white night gown. Once again, silence conquered their home with a nightingale chirping merrily as mother and son lay in a pool of united blood. How to cite A Taste Of Death – Original Writing, Papers

Pantomime Essays - Pantomime, 19th-century Theatre, Circus Clown

Pantomime Pantomime This paper is about pantomime, about its origin, its people, how it has evolved, and how wonderful it is. Pantomime is a dramatic performance in which a story is told or a theme developed through expressive bodily or facial movement. The origin of pantomime can be traced back to classical farce and the Italian Commedia Dellarte. Not all pantomime is silent. The completely silent performance of pantomime was invented in Rome. Pantomime is sometimes used to worship. Mime is a short way of saying pantomime and also means someone who performs pantomime. A mime, if performing on the streets, will have a hat that is passed around for spectators to put money in. When doing pantomime, it should be noted that the imaginative performance skills are illusion and illustration. Also, you should cultivate an understanding of the role that the body plays in suggesting an idea, an impression, a sensation, or a character. Pantomime can be done solo, or in a group of any size. Before performing, a mime must do warm-up and relaxation exercises. Miming takes mental and physical strength. Perfect coordination of all parts of the body is essential for expressive movement and graceful poise in pantomime. A good mime must be very flexible. You must be fluid at changing posture to create a character. Facial expression changes everything while performing pantomime. You must be very relaxed when doing pantomime. People speak different languages, but most gestures mean the same thing. Animals, insects especially, have probably done pantomime before humans were even alive. For example, bees do pantomime when telling others where nectar is, and peacocks use pantomime to impress a mate. Prehistoric man was next, after animals, to do pantomime. Prehistoric men would do pantomime to try to influence nature to let them get a kill while hunting. Before language, prehistoric men told about a hunt with pantomime. Prehistoric men would use pantomime to tell the history of the tribe. A clown named Grock became a very successful mime. He started as an acrobatic clown at a very young age. Grock became famous because he succeeded in the circus and in the music hall. After years of successfully performing in circuses, he tried his clown routine in a theater in Berlin. Grock began to move away from broad comedy in the Grimaldi tradition, and towards Debureus type of performance. In his first performance in a theater, the audience did not respond. Grock realized that the type of performance required for the theater is different than that required by the circus. Grock began to use a clown as a pantomime character whose actions comment on life. Grock went on to become one of the greatest performers of the variety stage. Grock used music to portray mans struggle with fate, just like Beethoven, but in a different way. Before Grock would play violin, he would throw the bow up in the air and try to catch it, but miss. Then he would retreat behind a screen to practice and the audience could see the bow flying above the screen. He returned to face the audience and missed again. He became so flustered that he threw the bow in the air and caught it without even knowing it! When Grock sat down on the piano bench to play piano and found that it was too far from the piano, he would struggle to push the piano closer to the bench! Like all good comedy, this reflected mans struggle to tame nature. The circus was saved from too much clown tradition in the 1940s by a man named Emmett Kelly. The costumes were getting too elaborate. The usual clown costume descended from the vari-colored costume of the Roman mimes. Originally, it was intended to symbolize rags, like the clown was an impractical guy who didnt get along in the real world. A long evolutionary process ended up with vari-colored, but elaborate costumes. The costumes reached some sort of peak when the Harlequin costumes of the English pantomime had as many as fifty-thousand sequins on them. Emmett Kelly brought back the original idea and wore a tramps costume of actual rags. The usual clown make-up is a bright colored pattern which serves as a trademark for each clown. Kelly wore make-up to match his

Oral Presentation Essays - Australia Day, Aboriginal Australians

Oral Presentation Essays - Australia Day, Aboriginal Australians Oral Presentation By Aakaash Parmar Native Australians associate January 26th with the invasion of their country and they deserve to mourn on the day their ancestors were invaded. It is a painful reminder of the harmful past that the aboriginals had to endure, the commencement of massacres, oppression, and land grabbing from the aboriginals. On this day, people celebrate what is great about Australia. That means celebrating the history of Australia on a day that marks the commencement of suffering to the natives. They should not be asked to forget and move on. The day should be remembered for atrocities that were committed, and not celebrated by the generations of people who perpetrated the crimes that their counterparts mourn. Thus, to them, it is not a celebration to respect the diversity of Australians, but a day that suffering began for one particular group The day relates to the destruction of the native population way of life and culture. Celebrating Australia day on January 26 condones the start of racism and the end of freedoms to the indigenous population. Tribes and their traditions/cultures were destroyed. A great country may have been produced however it was over the destruction of the traditions of the aboriginals. The Australian day celebrated on January 26th glorifies the triumph of imperialism, while at the same time ignoring the guilt presented by the day. On that day, indigenous people were displaced and disempowered. The day must be changed to have inclusivity.

Vocabulary Tips On the One Hand, On the Other Hand

Vocabulary Tips On the One Hand, On the Other Hand Vocabulary Tips: On the One Hand, On the Other Hand The phrase â€Å"on the one hand†¦ on the other hand† is common in English. But what exactly does it mean? And whose hands are we talking about? Well, if you take our (metaphorical) hand, we’ll be happy to walk you through how to use this phrase correctly in your writing. What Does â€Å"On the One Hand, On the Other Hand† Mean? We use â€Å"on the one hand† and â€Å"on the other hand† to present opposed ideas or points of view: On the one hand, I would like to go to the party. On the other hand, I should get an early night. Here, for example, we can see how â€Å"on the one hand† introduces one possibility (i.e., going to a party), while â€Å"on the other hand† introduces a contrasting possibility (i.e., an early night). The phrase therefore works as a conjunctive adverb, which is an adverb that connects two ideas. And as for whose hands we’re talking about here, the phrase draws on the simple idea of offering someone one choice in your left hand and a different choice in your right hand. Can You Use â€Å"On the Other Hand† by Itself? One point of controversy is whether we should always use â€Å"on the one hand† and â€Å"on the other hand† as a pair. In practice, many people use â€Å"on the other hand† by itself to introduce a contrasting idea. For example, we could rephrase the example above as follows: I would like to go to the party. On the other hand, I should get an early night. â€Å"On the other hand† here has exactly the same meaning as it does above. The only difference is that the first â€Å"hand† is implicit rather than explicit. And most English speakers will understand this without any problems. As such, it is fine to use â€Å"on the other hand† by itself in many contexts. However, some consider using â€Å"on the other hand† by itself informal. As such, you may want to avoid this in formal writing, such as academic papers or business documents. In addition, if you do use â€Å"on the one hand† and â€Å"on the other hand† as a pair, try to keep them close together. This is so the reader can see the connection between the two. It could be within a single sentence, or it could be in successive paragraphs. But if there are several paragraphs or pages between the â€Å"one hand† and the â€Å"other hand,† the connection may be hard to spot.

International and Comparative Human Resources Management Essay

International and Comparative Human Resources Management - Essay Example Choy (2007) suggests that the increasing role of multinational HR managers as trainers, counsellors, guides, and succession organizers is increasingly becoming irreversible. The role of HR managers is also sidling towards promoting and championing the ideals, ethics, concepts, and spiritual elements of their multinational organizations, especially with regard to handling cultural diversity at the workplace (Choy, 2007). HR managers for multinational companies grapple with numerous challenges in their line of duty, problems brought about by globalization (Mongiello, and Harris, 2006). These include; workplace diversity, low employee morale and productivity; and complicated planning options in certain markets. However, with an open and strategic approach to management, the managers can show effective leadership for their organization and manage the resources well (Choy, 2007). Globalization Globalization has tailored the significance of HR management in multinationals to reflect the to wering global scope and value (Escobar and Vredenburg 2011). Today’s HR managers have to deal with the transfer of workforces and responsibilities across countries. Additionally, globalization has enhanced the need for human resources to interact with sophisticated technologies in order to accomplish various HR tasks: these include; ensuring more competition among skilled employees at all organizational levels; more convoluted and strategic talent sourcing and nurturing pipelines (Jain, and Singh, 2013). In particular Darrag, Ahmed, and Hadia (2010) have noted the presence of a highly rigorous advertising, communication among various corporate fields and... This essay stresses that an effective HR manager of a multinational should apply controls and measure the outcomes of each employee’s productivity. Such a manager ought to carry out organizational appraisals on issues like remuneration, benefits, and condition of the workplace environment among other issues on a regular basis to evaluate the status of the organization for long-term planning initiatives. Additionally, there is need to implement performance matrix for gauging the effects of cultural diversity programs on the business operations through feedbacks. This report makes a conclusion that the mandate of a HR manager should be tailored to suit the changing requirements of the organization in relation to the dynamic global market. An effective HR manager transforms his organization into a more adaptable, strong, and consumer-oriented business. Within such an environment, the leader must learn and deploy effective management strategies such as being able to plan, organize, lead and manage the human assets in an evolving and competitive market environment. To manage the challenges that couple the enforcement of various HR initiatives in multinational corporations, organizations should promote cross-cultural communication among the diverse workforce to achieve teamwork. It is important to also embrace technology as a way of improving better interaction with customers, employees, suppliers and shareholders.

Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

Business Plan - Essay Example Stern measures have to be taken by the tour operators as far as safety and health assessments are concerned as Controls are not rigorous. This would help to safeguard the agency also against any litigation. Assessments of health and safety should be carried out throughout the tour (Daily Mail, 2006). While tour operators have to rely on the guarantees provided by the hotel authorities, BE should ensure that its terms and conditions of joining the tour are well laid out while setting up the business as tour operators could be subject to civil liability (AHS, 2007). While WTO predicts international travel will grow annually at the rate of 4.1% up to 2020 but various factors pose a risk to tourism. These include economic stability, world terrorism, and global climate changes. The UK travel sector is just recovering from the recent airport chaos and the threat of terrorist attack. Fear of terrorism affects global travel demand and the targets set by BE is a very optimistic figure. Tourism is a very sensitive sector and destination factor is very important. BE intends to focus on the affluent class and predominantly on adventure tourism. The company has not attained any experience in this segment and it would be advisable to have another sector and segment to fall back upon initially till it gets established. The number of holidays on offer should be limited to start with. Security situation puts holiday firms in a difficult situation (Reuters, 2007). Lessons can be learnt from the giants in the industry who have been able bring a turnaround despite the effects of football World Cup, avian flu, terror threats and the hot summer in UK (Mall, 2007). This has required a dual measure of huge investments and cost-cutting in various areas. BE plans to build brand awareness in the first year but would have to consider the consolidation taking place in the UK travel market as big firms are merging. This definitely means less competition but there is an oversupply of

How Much Did Stalin Deviate From Marxism?

How Much Did Stalin Deviate From Marxism? Joseph Stalin can be, and has been, interpreted in many different ways; a sadistic terrorist who revelled in the misfortune and pain of his subjects, an egotistical dictator whose every action served to promote his own self-interests, the political servant of Vladimir Lenin, and the man who translated Communism into practical terms. Despite this being a political and ideological study, in the case of Stalin it becomes impossible to consider his interpretation of Marxist-Leninism and his consequent leadership style without judgement of his character. The influence of his personality upon his leadership can be said to a primary motivation for many of the decisions which have been made, including the impact of his tumultuous home life with regards to his wife and children, his desire to assert himself as a credible and important man which was perhaps inspired by his feelings of neglect from his father, and the increasing loneliness that came from his intense paranoia and fear of those a round him. In an ideological sense, Stalins policies are indeed deviations from those which Lenin himself might have implemented, however yet again this may be as a consequence of the differing personalities of the two leaders. This study will aim to assess Stalinism as an ideology up to 1938, the end of The Great Terror and question whether it indeed deviated from Marxist-Leninism, whether it was instead a practical implementation of Communism in which communism principles ran through the core, or whether it was a whole different ideology, brought to power on a false platform of Communism. In order to make such assessments there must be a standard set of what Marxist Leninism is. In the same way that Stalin could be said to have interpreted Marxist-Leninism, Lenin interpreted Marxism. Thus Marxist-Leninism forms a filtered version of Marxs original theories. The key principles of Communism in Marxist terms, as laid out in the Communist Manifesto, written in 1847 by Karl Marx, are as follows; abolition of private property, progressive or graduated income tax, abolition of all rights of inheritance, confiscation of the property of all emigrants, centralisation of credit, national bank and an exclusive monopoly, centralisation of communication and transport, extension of centralisation of factories and production by the state, cultivation of waste-lands and the improvement of the soil, equal liability of all to work, combination of agriculture with manufacturing industries, free education and religion and nationalities will be superseded by the principle of community.   [1]  Following on from this, Lenin proposed that the proletariat can successfully achieve revolutionary consciousness only under the leadership of a party of professional revolutionaries  [2]  , thereby reversing Marxs order of economics over politics  [3]  , where aims are achieved with internal democratic centralism, wherein policy decisions are agreed via democracy and every member must support and promote the agreed party policy, essentially a dictatorship of the proletariat government  [4]  . Lenin agrees with Marxs ideas concerning nationalism and religion, citing them as part of the false consciousness instilled by the bourgeoisie in facilitating exploitation. It was under Lenin the notion of a dictatorial state and a class war came about, marked changes from Marxs own ideologies. As Lenin said, One cannot be a revolutionary Social-Democrat without participating, according to ones powers, in developing this theory [Marxism] and adapting it to changed conditions.   [5]  Thus whilst Marxism heavily influenced Leninism, the latter is a distinctly different adaptation, arguably one which made the October revolution in 1917 possible. Stalinism as a term came to be, in light of one of Stalins associates claim, Lets replace Long Live Leninism with Long Live Stalinism!  [6]  Whilst Stalinism has been said to refer to a style of governance, key principles wherein the supposed deviations from Marxist-Leninism can be found include, economic policy, collectivisation, use of violence, the rise of bureaucracy and the development of the personality cult. Deciphering what Lenin or Marx would have done is impossible, and indeed the term Marxist-Leninism was coined and used by opposing political groups within 1930s Russia as the ideology which they stood to defend. Regardless, this study aims to assess the extent to which Stalinism and the key principles of his rule up to the end of The Great Terror were informed by Marxist-Leninism theology. The new economic policy (henceforth NEP) brought forth by Lenin in 1921, was dramatically overhauled through Stalins wave of economic reforms in the early 1930s. Known as the Great Turn, this saw a total transformation of agricultural and industrial economic handling within Russia. However despite initially provoking criticism from Trotsky and other members of the Left Opposition, who felt a more internationalist approach to revamping the economy would be appropriate, Stalin and Bukharin had been supporters of the NEP, stating that they believed that it was patriotic and would further Soviet influence and impact in the international system  [7]  . The reasons for Stalins apparently hypocritical U-turn may on some levels simply be practical responses to crises and yet can simultaneously be interpreted as Stalins first foray into the development of Stalinism. The NEP had secured the rights of individual peasants to sell their products freely, whether to private traders or to state agencies. Whilst the state controlled all large enterprises, such as factories, mines and railways, small private enterprises (those employing fewer than 20 people) were allowed. The requisitioning of farm produce was in turn replaced by a tax system and the peasants were free to sell their surplus, albeit at a state-regulated price  [8]  . The NEP had been Lenins attempt to ensure the survival of the Communist state following War Communism which had been implemented from 1914 to 1921, to coincide with World War 1 and the Russian Civil War, and to try and rebuild Soviet production to its pre-1914 levels. It is undeniable to regard the NEP as a concession of key communist values, and indeed Lenin himself saw it as a strategic retreat  [9]  . This development of a relative mixed-economy was justified as a form of state capitalism, the last stage of capitalism before socialism evolved.  [10]  The Grain Crisis of 1928 was arguably the impetus for Stalin to revoke the NEP. As more peasants began consuming their own goods, as opposed to purchasing the overpriced ones which the small private enterprises were producing, (Peasants controlled 3,140,000km ², divided into 25 million holdings, producing 85% of the food, but consuming 80% of what the grew  [11]  ), a 2 million ton shortfall of grain occurred in 1928. Requisitioning was launched, leading to a higher expected rate of industrialisation and as a consequence higher agricultural production as more grain was required to feed a growing industrial work force and to pay for imports of machinery through exportation. Collectivisation was escalated beyond the levels of Sovkhozes encouraged during the NEP era. There can be little doubt that revoking the NEP was a deviation from Lenins aims, however questions must be asked about the purpose of such a change, whether Stalin ever supported the policy and to what extent was his ultimate rejection of the NEP was in keeping with Communist principles. The purpose of the change is in practical terms a reaction to the Grain Crisis, arguably caused by the greed of the kulaks. However the forced requisitioning opened the doors to other more revolutionary forms of governance. The persecution of the bourgeois and the kulaks intensified as Stalin encouraged the blaming of them for the short fall in grain and consequent economic situation. Enterprises across the board became subject to greater instruction and supervision as the state steadily expanded state capital accumulation thus developing a forced rate of industrialisation. The internal party regime was further tightened and show trials were resumed against surviving leaders of rival parties. An offensive began against every kind of nationalist tendency. The boundaries of cultural expression were drastically reduced and organised religion became the object of violent assault  [12]  . In his initial input in attempts to rectify the grain crisis, Stalin provided a route for an esca lated governmental involvement, thereby centralising the Russian state, marginalising and persecuting minority groups, and increasing industrialisation expectations. As Service says, Although agriculture had been the focal point of Stalins initiative in January 1928, he associated himself with a much larger agenda Industry, schooling, urban construction and socialist indoctrination were to be prioritised. The state was to become more penetrative and the traditional attachments to religion and nationhood were to disappear. Whether Stalin ever really supported Lenins NEP is essentially questioning whether Stalin intended manipulate the situation in the way that he did. Speaking out in support of the NEP he claimed Either we do it, or we shall be crushed, referring to the need to compete with western industrial levels. It is highly plausible, particularly given his industrial drive which remained for the entirety of his leadership, that Stalins belief that industrial supremacy superseded any economic compromises which may need to be made in order to achieve this. When the NEP wasnt proving to be as successful in producing an industrially prosperous nation, merely bringing it back from the poverty line, a change in strategy would seem to be an appropriate step. However, Stalin lived for Bolshevism  [13]  and the NEP was seen by many to be an interim measure  [14]  regardless. His support for the NEP was probably not due to the dubiously capitalist elements or the relinquishment of state control, b ut through a devotion to Lenin and belief in his ability to lead, the fact that supporting the NEP established him as part of the inner circle along with Bukharin, and therefore casting aside Trotsky and other detractors, was likely to have been an additional benefit of expressing his support for this policy. The NEP could not have been classified as a policy borne from strictly Communist principles, defying abolition of private property and centralisation of factories and production by the state elements of the Communist manifesto. This particular policy is a practical compromise of communist principles, deemed necessary in order to rescue the failing economy. In many ways, this may seem to suggest that communist economic management principles are conducive to a successful economy, with capitalist elements used as a rescue method. However, upon Stalins intervention in 1928, and the subsequent Five Year Plans, which projected capital goods were to increase by 161% and consumer goods by 83%, expectations which were surpassed, the opposite is thus suggested. The question whether a state directed economy or a free-market produce the most successful economy is one which is virtually impossible to answer, given the instability, and varying contributing factors to the economy in question. Howev er, the NEP, whilst not strictly adhering to Communist principles, and thus irritating the Left Opposition and other strict factions of the Communist party, undeniably rescued the economy in the wake of War Communism, whether it could have been saved in another way is a different question, yet the NEP remains a practical concession which arguably must have been made in order to go on to implement other aspects of Communism. As Lenin said, We are taking one step backward to later take two steps forward. The notion of collective farming had existed since the Russian Revolution, yet it was under Stalins rule, and in reaction to the Grain Crisis, that collectivisation as a policy really took hold and was implemented on serious levels. The unpopularity which requisitioning of the apparent missing grain had had led to a lower grain production, primarily due to hoarding and illegal transfers. By November 1929, the central committee had elected to implement accelerated collectivisation in the form of kolkhozes and Sovkhozes. A primary example of the escalation which Stalins ending of the NEP allowed, collectivisation was in principle in keeping with the Communist ideal. However, the manner in which it was done, and the consequences which unfolded after and the subsequent management must be evaluated in terms of whether the actions taken were deviations from Marxist-Leninism, or the implementation of a long held policy. The Communist manifesto states that cultivation of waste lands improvement of the soil equal liability for all to work [and] agricultural armies are a key part in communism, similarly the 1919 party programme specified that all the working masses without exception must be induced to take part in the work of state administration  [15]  . Whilst collectivisation was not specifically mentioned, the idea of complete state ownership of the land with all agricultural workers working together for a common goal remained prevalent. The Kolkhoz charter, produced in 1930, establishes the kolkhoz as a form of agricultural production cooperative of peasants that voluntarily unite for the purpose of join agricultural production based on collective labour and goes on to assert that the kolkhoz is managed according to the principles of socialist self-management, democracy and openness, with active participation of the members in decisions concerning aspects of internal life  [16]  . This pro jected utopia appears to be similar to the one which Lenin himself advocated, as Grant says Lenin always advocated the collectivisation of agriculture gradually and by voluntary means. But he never entertained the mad idea that millions of scattered peasant holdings could be forced to collectivise overnight at gun-point. Collectivisation was to take place through example. The peasant was to be convinced by patient argument and through the setting up of model collective farms and the introduction of the latest modern technology, tractors, fertilisers, electricity and schools  [17]  . However, by the end of 1928, the number of collective farms was only at 33,300, with only 2.3% of sown area in collective use. Following Stalins policy of forced collectivisation this figure rose to 85,900 collective farms, and 33.6% of sown area in collective use by 1930  [18]  , and by 1938 there were 242,400 collective farms and 99.8% of sown area in collective use  [19]  . However, a key element of the kolkhozes was the voluntary nature of them, and in order to achieve such figures, Stalin embarked on a policy of forced collectivisation, leading to estimated figures of 4 to 10 million deaths due to the poverty which ensued and the violence used to maintain this. The utopia spoke of in literary works couldnt have been more different to the manifestation of collectivisation under Stalin. Despite the high prediction levels, the first four years of forced collectivisation failed to produce, and there was indeed a fall in agricultural production which in turn led to famine. Bad production, combined with drought and arguably as a consequence of severe animosity towards the policy meant that Stalin and the authorities only persisted to increase the use of violence, implementing more grain seizures and further blaming of the class kulaks for every shortfall. In July 1929, it was official policy that terror should be avoided and that kulaks as well as the majority of peasantry ought to be enlisted in collective farms. By December 1929 Stalin announced that kulaks should be banned from becoming collective farm workers.  [20]  Stalin himself prior to this announcement had condemned the class as a whole in Pravda in November of that year saying Now we have the opportunity to carry out a resolute offensive against the kulaks, break their resistance, eliminate them as a clas s and replace their production with the production of kolkhozes and Sovkhozes Now dekulakisation is being undertaken by the masses of poor and middling peasant masses themselves who are realising total collectivisation. Now dekulakisation in the areas of total collectivisation is not just a simple administrative measure. Now dekulakisation is an integral part of the creation and development of collective farms. When the head is cut off, no-one wastes tears on the hair.  [21]  . Two months after this chillingly brutal article, the Politburo approved the liquidation of kulaks as a class. Estimates suggest that about a million kulak families (totally around five million people) were sent to the forced labour camps, or the Gulags as they were more commonly known  [22]  . Due to the kulaks only making up 1-2% of the Soviet population, and being increasingly hard to identify, the Soviet government began to cut off food rations to other social classes, particularly those where ther e was some degree of collectivisation, for example in the Ukraine. This policy can be linked to the Holodomor famine, which has repeatedly been linked to suspected genocide towards the Ukrainian people, or in a more pragmatical way, as a consequence of the economic policies implemented. The Ukraine was not alone, with the Soviet Union as a whole suffering from a famine in 1932-3. Widely negated as anti-communist propaganda, and denied even in western media at the time, the cycle of forced collectivisation and relinquishment and requisition of crops, poor pay (by 1946, 30 percent of Kolkhoz paid no cash for labour at all, 10.6 percent paid no grain, and 73.2 percent paid 500 grams of grain or less per day worked  [23]  ), hoarding which then led to a shortfall of grain production, which then instigated another requisition of grain. In an attempt to prevent the hoarding, the Law of the Spikelets was enacted on August 7, 1932, and confiscation of unlimited amounts of grain from pea sant households was allowed. Taking food was considered theft of socialist property and could result in punishment by death, or a ten-year prison sentence. Even children could be shot for picking up leftover grain in the fields. 125,000 sentences were passed for this particular offence in the bad harvest period from August 1932 to December 1933  [24]  . The corruption and brutality of the Soviet government extended beyond human lives, with the prices paid for produce hardly changing between 1929 and 1953, meaning that the State did not pay even one third of the cost of production, charging wholesalers 335 rubles for 100 kg of rye, but paid the kolkhoz roughly 8 rubles. The business of collectivisation proved to be a massive money-making experience for the Soviet government, and one which looked set to continue to prosper, for the State at least, for a great many years. As until 1969, all children born on a collective farm were forced by law to work there as adults unless they we re specifically given permission to leave, which as is to be expected, was very rarely. Despite the October revolution aiming to release the peasants from the hold of the bourgeoisie, a system of neo-serfdom existed, where the Communist bureaucracy replaced the former landowners. As Trotsky criticised, In these conditions an exaggeratedly swift collectivisation took the character of an economic adventure  [25]  . Whilst Trotsky should be expected to criticise Stalin, Service agrees predominantly with Trotskys assertion; social and ideological goals would also be served through mobilisation of the peasants in a cooperative economic enterprise which would produce higher returns for the State and could serve a secondary purpose of providing social services to the people. Thus, the policy of collectivisation and the devastation which it reaped struggles to be seen as merely a practical implementation of the collectivisation policy spoken of by Marx and Lenin. Indeed, the voluntary n ature of the initial policy hadnt produced much support, but the manner in which this support was forced upon the Soviet people, produced even less. The brutal nature of the policies and punishments and lack of acknowledgement of the effects forced a wedge between the peasants and the Soviet government. The utopia depicted within the Marxist-Leninism ideal of collectivisation, and whilst this may have not been achievable in practical terms, Stalins alternative, deviated so much from the basic principle of what collectivisation is that it became unidentifiable. It wasnt enough to simply apply an outcome to achieve the utopia, the philosophy and methods, i.e. the voluntary nature, had to be broadly shared amongst the Soviet people. As it was, the lack of this fundamental practice turned the whole policy into a variant of the serfdom which Communism strove to eliminate and thus undermined the notion of Stalinism being a practical implementation of Marxist-Leninism ideas. The key issue within collectivisation was the replacement of the old bourgeoisie with the bureaucrats of the Soviet government. The rise of bureaucracy was clearly an issue, as there was an increase in the difference between the living standards of the working class and the upper layers of the bureaucracy in particular  [26]  . Comprised primarily by the poor economic state of the working class in consequence of collectivisation, yet the bureaucrats acquisition of wealth furthered this gulf, the Soviet state began to represent the antithesis of what Marx and Lenin had proposed. Whilst it is generally acknowledged that those at the top of the party benefited financially and personally from their role, potentially leading to corruption and manipulation of their own purpose, it becomes interesting to see how such an issue developed. As early as 1920, Lenin said that ours is a workers state with bureaucratic deformations  [27]  , hauntingly similar parallels can be drawn with the policy of collectivisation. Issues which were around, and in some cases encouraged, during Lenins time, found themselves becoming colossal under the reign of Stalin. Whether the bureaucratisation of the party apparatus was simply an extension of Lenins own leadership, whether it would classify as a deviation or whether it was indeed a wholly new policy, must be examined. The Leninist programme for 1917 included the following points regarding state and bureaucracy: the discontinuance of the police and the standing army, abolition of the professional bureaucracy, elections for all public positions and offices, revocability of all officials, equality of bureaucratic wages with workers wages, the maximum of democracy, peaceful competition amongst parties within the soviets and abolition of the death penalty. As the Italian revolutionary Berneri says prior to his death in 1937, Not a single one of these points in this programme has been achieved.  [28]  Whilst Berneri was heavily critical of Stalin as a leader and so his judgement may be impacted by his own dislike for the man, several elements of the Leninist programme were undeniably ignored, or at least undermined, by the actualities of Stalinist bureaucracy. In a speech in 1931, Stalin spoke of the happy life of the people of the Soviet Union. At this time the workers living standards were sub-sta ndard, and the wages of the workers remained depressed throughout the 1930s, despite the colossal gains of the first two Five Year Plans. Yet the happy life was a reality for millions of officials in the state and Communist party; they lived very well. In addition to the other privileges of provisions and lodgings, a new network of closed distributors was established and restaurants were reserved for the use of high Communist or non-Party officials. Then special state shops were set up for their exclusive use. In these shops one could buy anything and everything but at prices no worker could afford  [29]  . This development created an upper class in a state where there was to be no class divisions, with Lenins maximum of democracy aimed to prevent such a sector developing. Lenin saw that the existence of wage differentials was a survival of capitalism that would tend to disappear as society moved towards socialism. The development of the productive forces would be accompanied by a general improvement of living standards and the inequalities would tend to decrease.  [30]  Despite the chasm of difference between Lenins envisaged state and Stalins realisation, Lenin himself admitted that the state he lead did include bureaucratic deformations. However the deformations were trivial compared to the tiered state which formed in consequence of Stalins encouragement. His dictatorship style of leadership, which allowed him to weed out the members of the Party which disagreed with him allowed him to create a circle of peers who were able to reap the benefits which collectivisation and industrialisation allowed. The crux of the argument rests within the debate of whether Marxist-Leninism was ever a foreseeable policy and whether there was an alternative Communist state than the one which Stalin oversaw. Several key historians claim that Stalins actions were the inevitable continuation of Leninism and there is some evidence to support this. Richard Pipes declares Stalinism the natural consequence of Leninism, as Stalin faithfully implemented Lenins domestic and foreign policy programmes  [31]  . Edvard Radzinsky similarly acknowledges that Stalin, as he claimed himself, was the real follower of Lenin  [32]  . Robert Service, whilst on the whole condemning the extent of Stalins rule concedes that personally he remained devoted to Lenin and his rule and conserved and reinforced the Leninist regime and this was reflected in Stalins whole-hearted attempts to elevate the memory of Lenin to somewhat of a deity and his development and insistence of Marxist-Leninism. It was under Stalins cont rol which the notion of a Marxist-Leninist ideology was popularised. Indeed the Civil War measures implemented by Lenin introduced the idea of the Red Terror and developed internment camps, Lenin was the instigator of Article 58 in 1927 which condoned the arrests of those suspected of counter-revolutionary activities. The autocratic system within the Communist party was too developed by Lenin  [33]  . Lenins ban on factions within the Russian Communist party and introduction of the one-party state in 1921 allowed Stalin to get rid of his rivals easily. In many ways, Stalin can be seen to have utilised Lenins tools; the exclusion of alternative ideologies from public life was strengthened, instruments of dictatorship, terror and a politicised judiciary were furthered with Stalins reliance upon the Gulags and trails of political competitors, such as Bukharin and Trotsky. The states economic control, whilst substansial since the Civil war, was tightened dramatically In particular, the notion of continuing the despotism evident in the earlier Soviet period, the brutal nature of the fighting within the Civil War and October Revolution providing prime examples, is clear in the use of terror as a method of control in the first two decades of Stalins rule. However there are significant criticisms saying that Stalins deviations disfigured Marxist-Leninism beyond recognition. As Roy Medvedev says one could list the various measures carried out by Stalin that were actually a continuation of anti-democratic trends and measures implemented under Lenin in so many ways, Stalin acted, not in line with Lenins clear instructions but in defiance of them. Likewise, Isaac Deutscher, in his biography on Trotsky claims that only the blind and deaf could be unaware of the contrast between Stalinism and Leninism  [34]  . A more modern criticism comes from Graeme Gill, Stalinism was not a natural flow-on of earlier developments; it formed a sharp break resulting from conscious decisions by leading political actors  [35]  . The totalitarian perspective that the negative facets of Stalinism were inherent in Communism from the start is perpetually undermined by attempts to distance Stalinism from Leninism; Trotsky

American Immigration Essay

Immigration in the United States has been a major contribution to population growth and cultural change throughout much of the nation’s history. Throughout the years 1880 through 1925 the United States witnessed a rise in immigration. Many of these foreigners came to America in hopes of striking it rich, get away from monarchies, and just simply be free as America was known for (Doc A). In the early 1880’s, immigration was gladly welcomed, but as time progressed, government saw it as a growing problem. The many aspects of immigration caused controversy in economic benefits, jobs for the non-immigrants, settlement patterns, crime, and even voting behavior. Congress has passed laws that have to do with immigrants especially in the 19th century such as the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882, and the Immigration Act of 1903 all to insure specific laws and boundaries to be set on immigrants. The life of immigrants has been drastically changed throughout the years of 1880-1925 through American suspicion of European communism, and the immigrant resistance to Americanization. Much of the controversy that was brought up during this time period was based on the fact that immigrants were coming over and taking over many jobs of the non-immigrants. Many Americans saw it unfair that the immigrants were gaining the wages that the Americans thought they deserved. They didn’t find it fair that the immigrants just marched into America and demanded job opportunities, but that was what America was known for. Many groups of people were against the job openings for immigrants especially the National People’s Party (Document C), who spoke out against the unfair laws, and demanded an end to any form of emigration. There were also many other groups of people that opposed the way the immigrants decided to live their lives, because most of the workers would just go over to the United States take jobs, earn money, and then return to their birth place (Doc. B). These people also feared they would lose their jobs to these new immigrants that business would hire for cheaper pay. As a way to place boundaries and limit the amount of immigrants pouring in, Congress passed laws to insure specific laws to be set on solely immigrants. Laws such as Exclusion Act in 1882, the Gentlemen’s Agreement, and the Immigration Act of 1924 were instituted in order to control the composition of the U. S. population and effectively control immigration from European and Asian decent.

The Chronicles of Essay Writing Samples Easy

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Ethical Issues Surrounding Corporate Excesses Essay

Ethics Lastly, yet another drug company who may not have increased the price of their drug overnight, but over a few short years have made it difficult for patients to afford their life-saving medication as well. Another company that has been pulled in front of Congress to answer for their extreme increase of a lifesaving drug and that company is Mylan. There are many ethical issues surrounding this case with CEO Heather Bresch, her salary increases went hand in hand with the increased price of the EpiPen, not to mention how she acquired the position she holds with the company. In an Article written by Edward Cox (2016), he puts some of the unethical issues surrounding Heather Bresch into perspective, he stated: Bresch was paid $18 million in 2015 as EpiPen prices increased to $600. The move has renewed the debate surrounding corporate excesses. The company has the second-highest executive compensation out of all US drug and biotech firms in the last five years, according to the Wall Street Journal. Bresch’s headstrong attitude has often put her at odds with Wall Street. She has been accused of putting her own interests ahead of investors. When the multi-billion dollar biopharmaceutical Teva showed interest in buying Mylan, Bresch removed decision-making power from shareholders. Bresch previously said her company does not serve Wall Street. Bresch’s father was a member of the West Virginia senate when he introduced his daughter to Mylan’s CEO at the time. Bresch madeShow MoreRelatedBusiness Moral Responsibility Essay1370 Words   |  6 Pageseveryone who is affected. This includes shareholders but also employees, consumers, suppliers, and the surrounding community. I f eel that answer to that question is yes, businesses do have moral responsibilities beyond the company making a profit. 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